Juq470 |verified| [TESTED]

are ubiquitous in scientific and engineering domains. Classical approaches rely on either direct factorisations (LU, Cholesky) – infeasible for massive sparse matrices due to fill‑in – or iterative Krylov‑subspace methods (CG, GMRES, BiCGSTAB) that depend critically on matrix conditioning and preconditioning strategies.

The package requires Python 3.9+ and has no external dependencies beyond the standard library. juq470