This was revolutionary. A beta-emitting radionuclide bound to a monoclonal antibody might never enter the cell nucleus, but if it sits on the cell membrane, the nucleus receives a significant cross-fire dose. MIRD237 provided the numerical tables to calculate this precisely.

Moreover, the rise of (Ac-225, Ra-223, Pb-212) has forced a return to MIRD237’s cellular tables. Alpha particles have a range of only 50-100 microns, making organ-level S-values nearly useless. Instead, physicists must use MIRD237’s cellular S-values for nucleus-to-cytoplasm or cell-to-cell geometry.

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