: Supports the estimation of station coordinates, velocities, satellite orbits, Earth rotation parameters, and atmospheric (ionospheric/tropospheric) models.
The neutral atmosphere is a fluid, chaotic lens. Bernese doesn't treat it as a static error. It models the troposphere as a stochastic process, often estimating a ZPD parameter every hour or even every 5 minutes, with gradient parameters to capture azimuthal asymmetry (e.g., weather fronts moving in from the ocean). This transforms a "problem" into a data product of immense value for meteorology and climate science.
Each version has pushed the boundary of what is mathematically possible in geodetic science.
Recent versions (5.2 and beyond) have embraced multi-GNSS (Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS). The deep challenge here is —the fact that different constellations have different time scales and signal structures. Bernese now estimates these ISBs as additional parameters, allowing a true multi-frequency, multi-constellation solution that is more robust against local obstructions and ionospheric storms. Real-time capabilities (RT-Bernese) are emerging, but even then, the philosophy remains: real-time does not mean approximate.
: It processes data from multiple constellations, including GPS and GLONASS, with developing support for Galileo, BeiDou, and QZSS. Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)